Background & Objectives: Serious reactions which normally is delayed and occur against serious stressor factors like natural disasters (for example: earth quake, flood and etc) and human made disasters (for example war, murder and etc) calls post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study was Assessing the effectiveness of teaching problem solving skills in decreasing the symptoms of PTSD.Methods: The type of this research is experimental. After clinical assessment and selecting with clinical assessment these individuals showed PTSD symptoms through the results of both Mississippi scale and clinical appointment, in which there were 160 cases. The cases were separated to two groups of experimental and control. Through an experimental method, we studied and measured changes of their status before and after examination and only case group had been chosen for problem solving skills teaching. In order to analyze the results of the study, a T test and Variance analysis (ANOVA) were used.Results: The results showed that 61.6 percent of population showed PTSD symptoms and there was no significant difference between male and female in level of PTSD symptoms. There was a significant difference between, means level of PTSD in pre-test and post-test conditions, in addition there was no significant difference between levels of PTSD symptoms-decreasing, in female group after intervention, and male group. By comparing mean numbers of samples, in pre-test and post-test results of control and experiment groups in using problem–focused coping skills and decreasing emotion-focused coping skills, there was a significant differences. Also there was not any difference in using levels of coping methods, but indeed in amount of using emotion-focused coping method there was significant difference between male and female. Conclusion: Presence of significant differences between pre-test and post-test results showed that training problem-solving-skills in decreasing PTSD symptoms is effective.

Nowadays, Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) is considered as one of the common diseases of mankind. CRF threatens the well being and health of patients. One of the main stressors that the patients with CRF may experience is the continuous and permanent treatment with dialysis. Also, as the treatment takes time and is invasive, patients frequently lose their jobs. The main objective of this descriptive study was to evaluate the relation of coping strategies with psychological complications in hemodialysis patients. A total of fifty – five patients were randomly selected and the information was collected using a questionnaire and a standard from of  SCI90. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between coping methods of escape and depression, aloofness and aggression, pickiness nature, depression and sensitivity.(p< 0.05). Therefore, a significant correlation exists between psychological complications and coping methods.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of coping strategies and self-efficacy with substance abuse tendency among students. The target population of this study was the students of Tabriz University in the acadmic years 2011-2012 (1390-91s.c.). The research sample consisted of 300 presons (150 females, 150 males) who were selected from among students of Tabriz University through cluster random sampling. Data were collected by coping Strategy Scales (Endler & Parker, 1990), Self-efficacy Questionnaire (Sherer & Maddux, 1982) and Addiction Acknowledgment Scale (Weed et al, 1992). In order to predict the contribution of substance abuse tendency the data were analyzed by, multivariate regression analysis by using enter method and software SPSS16 analysis. The results of the multivariate regression analysis showed that linear combination of problemfocused coping strategies and self-efficacy can predict the substance abuse tendency (P<0.001).

Stress is a combination of human"s general reactions towards unsuitable and unpredictable internal and external factors. Following the stressful events, wetry to confrontor cope with them through applying various methods. The strong inner relation among sport activities and stress causes positive effect, therefore, ,the object of this study is to compare the different principles of coping with psychological pressures in elite basketballists and non-athlete women during the year 1998. In This resear ch a causal-compar ati ve method is applied on two groups including 76 female basketballists, attending the national championship games and 76 female students of Tehran dormitories. Their a ge rate lies between 17 to 23. The questionnaire"s information including demographic data and "Lasarous ways of coping "were recorded. The results were e valua ted through descriptive statistics and T- test. There weren"t any significant statistical differences amon y these two groups. However, compar ing the groups indicates that "Positive Reappraisial", "Confrontive coping", "Self Controlling" and "Distancing" principles are more applied in athlete"s group and "Accepting Responsibilities" and "Esca pe-Avoidence" are more applied in non-athlete"s group. In addition, "Seeking Social Support" and "planful problem Solving" are eqally applied in two groups. The results of this research pointed out that "positive Reappraisial " principle in athletes and "Accepting Responsibitity" principle in non-athlete are the most commonn way of coping.

Background: Test anxiety is one of the most common and important problems of students in their educational course which affects performance, well-being, and success of students adversely. The prevalence of test anxiety in the students of the University of Medical Sciences is more than in other students. It‘s maybe due to their hard educational condition.Objectives: This study aimed to examine the mediating role of emotional intelligence in coping strategies and test anxiety in university students.Methods: The present study is a correlational descriptive study. Statistical population was all of the students in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran, 2013-2014. Among them, 196 ones were selected by convenience sampling. In this study, participants were assessed by Sarason Test Anxiety Inventory, Lazarus and Folkman coping strategies, and Schutte et al’s emotional intelligence. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation tests and path analysis.Results: The results showed that there was a relationship between coping strategies (problem-focused and emotion-focused) and emotional intelligence with test anxiety (P<0.01). Emotional intelligence has a mediator role between problem-focused coping strategies and test anxiety (P<0.01).Conclusions: According to the results, it can be concluded that students who use problem-focused coping strategies have more emotional intelligence and with increasing emotional intelligence, test anxiety reduces significantly. So in order to reduce the test anxiety, the important role of emotional intelligence should be considered. Test anxiety is related to coping strategies (problemfocused and emotion-focused) and emotional intelligence.

Aims: The study aimed to investigate the effect of perceived stress and coping strategies among adults during the COVID-19 outbreak. Instrument & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from May and July 2020 on 792 in Karaj, Iran on adults (aged ≥, 18 years) using a convenience sampling method. The relationship between age, general health, perceived stress, primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and coping strategies as independent variables, and social functioning and emotional health as dependent variables was evaluated using pathway analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS-19 and Lisrel 8 software. Findings: The mean age of the participants was 38. 87±, 8. 73. Among the variables directly associated with emotional well-being in men, emotional coping has the most positive association (B=0. 13) and problem coping has the most negative relation(B=0. 022) and secondary appraisal has the most negative association indirectly (B=0. 04). The perceived stress has the most effect on the social function in men indirectly (B=0. 21), and secondary appraisal has the most positive relationship with social function in men indirectly (B=0. 11). Further, perceived stress has the most negative association with social function among women in the direct route (B=0. 088) and general health has the most positive relationship in this regard (B=0. 014). Conclusion: The perceived stress should be noticed and managed effectively to improve mental health. The emotion-focused coping can positively affect emotional well-being and problemfocused coping negatively influences it.

This study investigates the effect of CBT based on coping Cat on reduced anxiety symptoms in the Iranian children within the age range of 8 to 10 suffering from anxiety. It was conducted based on a quasi-experimental design with pretest and posttest and control group. 20 children within the preceding age range suffering from generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and social anxiety were selected using the goal-directed convenience sampling method after they underwent clinical interviews arranged by the child and adolescent psychiatrist, assessment with a semi-structured diagnostic interview of mood disorders and schizophrenia for children and adolescents (K-SADS) and placement at the clinical level according to the DSM-based anxiety scale and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and placed into two groups of 10 (treatment and waiting list groups). Intervention therapy based on coping Cat individual cognitive-behavior program was provided to the members of the treatment group for 16 sessions. The research data were gathered by means of DSM-based anxiety scale and CBCL and Spence Scale (Parent and Child version), and further analyzed using Mann-Whitney test, Friedman test, and significant clinical changes. The results suggest that coping-cat-based CBT significantly reduces anxiety symptoms of the treatment group members vis-à-vis the waiting group both statistically (p<0.001, Z=3.335) and clinically, which continued in one-and-a-half and three-month follow-ups. Confirming the results of previous studies, the research findings indicate that coping-cat CBT affects reduced anxiety symptoms in the Iranian children falling within the age range of 8 to 10 and that such an impact persists during follow-ups. Therefore, its basic application in psychological therapy centers could be feasible.

Background: Premature infants experiencemany problems during their stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Premature birth creates a sense of loss in family members, especially mothers, and causes tension and stress. Moreover, inefficient coping strategies increase stress, incompatibility, and mental problems. Objectives: In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an empowerment program of stress coping strategies for mothers of preterm infants, admitted to the NICU. Methods: This clinical trial was performed on 70 mothers of premature infants, divided into the intervention and control groups. The empowerment program included 4 stages of behavioral training: first stage, 2-4 days after the infant’ s hospitalization; second stage, 2-4 days after the first stage; third stage, 1-3 days before the infant’ s discharge; and fourth stage, 1 week after discharge. At each stage, the mothers listened to an audio file related to the corresponding stage. The control group received information and routine care according to the hospital policies. To assess the stress-coping strategies, mothers completed a questionnaire once before the program and once before the infant’ s discharge. To analyze the data, Chi square test, t test, and paired t test were used in SPSS version 16. Results: The results showed a significant difference between the groups in terms of the mean score of problem-focused coping (P < 0. 2), emotion-focused coping (P < 0. 003), and inefficient coping (P < 0. 1) after the implementation of the empowerment program. This led to the increased use of problem-focused coping strategies and reduced use of emotion-focused and inefficient strategies in the empowerment group, although no significant difference was observed versus the controls (P > 0. 05). Conclusion: Implementation of the empowerment program for mothers of premature infants increased the use of problemfocused coping and reduced the use of emotion-focused and inefficient coping strategies.

Background and Objective: Cardiovascular disease, as a chronic and debilitating physical condition, is one of the most common causes of death. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of lifestyle in the relationship between coping strategies and quality of life in cardiovascular patients. Materials and Methods: The present study was descriptive-correlational and cross-sectional studies. The statistical population of the present study includes all cardiovascular patients in Tehran in 2019, of which 303 people were selected as the sample by the purposeful sampling method. Data collection tools included a Ways of Copying Questionnaire, a Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile, and a Quality-of-Life Scale. Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis with Amos software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that lifestyle also played a mediating role in relation to quality of life coping strategies (P <0. 01). Lifestyle can explain 28% of the variance of physical health, 43% of mental health and 20% of social relationships. The problemfocused strategy was able to explain 11% of the variance of physical health and 24% of social relationships. The emotion-focused strategy was able to explain 90% of the variance of mental health and 26% of the variance of environmental health. Conclusion: According to the results, in cardiovascular patients, coping strategies can change the quality of life by influencing lifestyle. In other words, in these patients, problem-focused coping strategies through healthy lifestyle improvements can lead to improved quality of life.